Computers; Content Analysis; Mass Media Effects; Media Research; News Reporting;
Periodicals; Public Opinion; Technological Advancement
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Observing that most adults’ present conceptions of the computer have been shaped by media images, a content analysis was conducted of 169 articles on computers published in six popular magazines from the 1940s through 1969. The articles were coded in terms of their themes and topics, and the specific terms used to refer to computers in each article were listed, as were metaphors or analogies that involved anthropomorphosis, or the attribution of human characteristics to computers. The results indicated that the largest number of articles were published between 1965 and 1969, and between 1975 and 1979. The major focus of the articles began with developments and advances in computer technology and changed over time to uses and predicted uses of the computer. Military uses were the most frequently mentioned during the first 20 years, but this was replaced by mention of the business/industrial sector, which was subsequently replaced by academic uses. References to the limitations, advantages, or similarities of computers versus human beings decreased rather steadily over the period studied, as did the number of different terms used to refer to the computer. Anthropomorphic similes and metaphors describing computers were used sporadically throughout the time period studied. (HTH) |
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An Ongoing Examination of the history and development of footwear and shoemaking techniques up to the end of the sixteen century. People
There has been some considerable confusion about what the purpose of this glossary is, and I have truly unpleasant discussions regarding terms I have included, and whether I am using the right term for my default definitions. So let me be clear. As I’ve researched the medieval terminology, because of the jargon selected by those who have gone before, and my trying to trace similar and related terms, I frequently have to deal with terms that are NOT medieval. That was a given when I started this project. Therefore, this glossary has to present information for more than just the Middle Ages.
At this point, I was given an option to be either inclusive or exclusive, to open up the glossary to all manner of terms for things, including weird translations, bizarre or illiterate usages of terms that had found their way into print — all sorts of things - or to exclude all terms other than those from a specific tradition of shoemaking. I made the, apparently controversial, decision to be inclusive.
The next question was what to use as the default, or baseline, terminology. After considerable discussion, I was convinced that using the historical, published sources for English traditional shoemaking terms (Devlin, Holme, Rees, Martin, etc.) and the understanding of those terms held by modern experts would be as good a place to start as any, and made more logical sense than most others. D.A. Saguto of Colonial Williamsburg has been, and continues to be, a most valuable resource for this project. His knowledge of post-medieval shoemaking technologies, particularly with regards to such ancient experts such as Garsault, is unequalled, and his knowledge of medieval and pre-medieval shoemaking technologies is well above most.
Glossary of Historical Shoemaking
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